Primary Health Care in Developing Countries Essay

Primary Health Care in Developing Countries - Essay Example Primary health care is essential health care made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community by means acceptable to them, through their full participation and at a cost that the community and country can afford. It forms an integral part both of the country's health system of which it is the nucleus and of the overall social and economic development of the community (WHO). It values to achieve health for all and requires health systems that "Put people at the centre of health care"1. To achieve this, there is a need to understand citizen's expectation of health and health care and to see to it that their voice and choice decisively influences the way in which health services are designed and operated. The Alma Ata Declaration in 1978 gave an insight into the understanding of primary health care. It mobilized a "Primary Health Care movement" of professionals and institutions, governments and civil society organizations, researchers and grassroots organizations that undertook to tackle the "politically, socially and economically unacceptable"2 health inequalities in all countries. It viewed health as an integral part of the socio-economic development of a country. It provided the most holistic understanding to health and the framework that States needed to pursue to achieve the goals of development. The Declaration recommended that primary health care should include at least: education concerning prevailing health problems and methods of identifying, preventing and controlling them; promotion of food supply and proper nutrition, and adequate supply of safe water and basic sanitation; maternal and child health care, including family planning; immunization against major infectious di seases; prevention and control of locally endemic diseases; appropriate treatment of common diseases and injuries; promotion of mental health and provision of essential drugs. It emphasized the need for strong first-level care with strong secondary- and tertiary-level care linked to it. It called for an integration of preventive, promotive, curative and rehabilitative health services that had to be made accessible and available to the people, and this was to be guided by the principles of universality, comprehensiveness and equity. In one sense, primary health care reasserted the role and responsibilities of the State, and recognized that health is influenced by a multitude of factors and not just the health services. It also recognized the need for a multi-sectoral approach to health and clearly stated that primary health care had to be linked to other sectors. At the same time, the Declaration emphasized on complete and organized community participation, and ultimate self-reliance with individuals, families and communities assuming more responsibility for their own health, facilitated by support from groups such as the local government, agencies, local leaders, voluntary groups, youth and women's groups, consumer groups, other non-governmental organizations, etc. The Declaration affirmed the need for a balanced distribution of available resources (WHO 1978). THE INDIAN SCENARIO Demographic, Social and

Turbidity and solids determination Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Turbidity and solids determination - Lab Report Example The standard technique for the turbidity determination is focused around the Jackson candle turbid meter. Estimations made utilizing the candle turbid meter are focused around the way light goes through a suspension that worthy motivations the picture of the fire to vanish. The more drawn out the light way; it brings down the turbidity (Letterman 26). Estimations utilizing this technique are accounted for as a part of Jackson Turbidity Units or JTU. The nephelometer, or business turbid meter, is an alternate basic strategy, which analyzes the power of light scattered by the example under characterized conditions with the force of light scattered by a standard result under the same conditions. The higher the force of scattered light, the higher the turbidity. Estimations made utilizing this strategy are recorded within Nephelometric Turbidity Units or NTU. Complete solids allude to the matter or buildup that remaining parts after vanishing and drying of water test. Lt incorporates suspended solids that could be separated out, and the disintegrated solids that pass through the channel. Settleable solids are those suspended solids that will settle out by gravity under tranquil conditions. Volumetric and gravimetric tests could be utilized to focus the bit of the solids that are settleable-Gravimetric investigation is frequently utilized for the determination of solids. This includes cautious weighing of channels and dishes previously, then after the fact example sifting and drying (Letterman 50). Tests must be precisely measured, weighed and recorded with a particular end goal to acquire compelling results. The turbid meter was turns on and let to warm for 15 minutes. Checking was done on the turbid meter using the standards in the black cases near the instrument. The appropriate range was selected beginning with a higher range. Filled the sample vial with a well-mixed